IPC-7093A BTC: QFN Solder Mask Defined Thermal Pad

The PCB designer might have created a fabrication note to plug the holes on the Thermal Pad not knowing that it would increase cost by 10 - 15% just for a single BTC (Bottom Terminal Component.

Plugged Via:



Here is an illustration of a QFN with vias going through the Thermal Pad allowing solder to flow through them. This creates a couple problems.

1. With Lead-free solder and having the PCB in the reflow oven twice as long as Lead solder, the entire PCB heats up and the solder may go all the way through the via hole and come out the bottom side causing solder protrusion.

2. When the solder goes into the vias, it robs the thermal pad from having the optimal solder joint. Less solder = bad connection.

3. The thinner PCB thickness of 1 mm can be problematic because it's easier for the solder to flow out the bottom side and could cause shorting.

Old Thermal Pad Paste Mask with 50% reduction:



Note: all vias in a Thermal Pad must have a direct connection to the GND plane. Using Thermal Relief patterns with defeat the purpose of heat reduction away from the BTC component.



The new updates to upcoming revision to IPC-7093 will be teaching PCB designers to create a Solder Mask Defined Thermal Pad to create solder dams between the checker board pattern and around the vias to prevent solder from flowing down open via holes. No need to plug these vias and save fabrication costs at the same time creating a reliable solder joint.

Here is the Land Pattern in the CAD tool illustrating the Solder Mask layer on top.
In the CAD tool, Solder Mask areas in Yellow are “absence of solder mask” as that CAD layer in a Negative image.
The Green areas are solder mask.



Here is the Land Pattern in the CAD tool illustrating the Paste Mask layer on top. This layer is a Positive image.
The Gray areas are Paste Mask.
The Yellow area is the solder mask swell.
The Green area is the solder mask.
The Black lines are Legend outlines.
The Black dots are the via holes.



Dimensional Details:



QFN Pattern with 0.10 mm (4 mil) Paste Mask:



Space the vias evenly. Random via location makes the solder mask defined thermal pad much more complex to create symmetrical paste mask aperture openings. For the balancing of the package during reflow, it's important to have even paste mask distribution.

The minimum via pitch is 0.80 mm. 9 vias is good enough to draw the maximum amount of heat away from the BTC. If you insert more than 9 vias, the heat reduction is insignificant. However, if you insert less, the heat dissipation transfer declines and less vias could increase the electrical impedance to GND which in turn affects the device power and signal integrity.

Here is a CAD tool sample of a thermal pad with 4 vias:

IPC Releases IPC-7093A, Design and Assembly Process Implementation for Bottom Termination Components (BTCs) | IPC International, Inc.